Pyometra in Dogs

Pyometra is a life-threatening infection that is relatively common in female dogs who are not spayed. In fact, approximately 25 percent of intact female dogs will develop pyometra before they reach 10 years of age (1).

One of the primary reasons that veterinarians recommend spaying dogs at an early age is to avoid the risk of canine pyometra.  

What Is Pyometra in Dogs?

Pyometra is an infection of the uterus (uterine infection in dogs). Pyometra comes from the Greek works for pus (“pyo”) and uterus (“metra”). The literal translation of pyometra is “pus-filled uterus.”

Cases of pyometra in female dogs are typically divided into two categories:

Closed pyometra in dogs: A closed pyometra describes a pyometra in which the dog’s cervix is closed. This is an especially dangerous condition, because the closed cervix traps the pus in the uterus and means that there is no route for the pus to escape. This can cause the uterus to rupture, causing abdominal infection and death.  

Open pyometra in dogs: An open pyometra is a pyometra in which the cervix remains open, allowing pus to drain out of the vagina. An open pyometra poses less risk of uterine rupture, but can still lead to life-threatening illness.

Veterinarians consider a closed pyometra to be more dangerous than an open pyometra. But any pyometra is a serious medical condition that requires urgent and immediate care. Any case of pyometra can be fatal if left untreated. 

Pyometra Symptoms in Dogs

The signs and symptoms of pyometra in dogs vary, depending on whether the dog has an open or closed pyometra. 

A dog with an open pyometra will typically have discharge from the vulva. A dog with a closed pyometra, in contrast, will not have vaginal discharge. This may make a closed pyometra more difficult to diagnose. 

Bacteria that are present in the infected uterus cause many symptoms of pyometra in dogs. These bacteria release toxins that have harmful effects on the body. 

Common signs of pyometra in dogs include: 

• Increased thirst and urination 
• Lethargy 
• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Swollen, painful abdomen 
• Green/yellow or bloody vaginal discharge (in open pyometra)

If your pet develops any of these dog uterus infection symptoms, seek veterinary care as soon as possible.  

What Causes Canine Pyometra?

Pyometra is a condition that affects intact, or unspayed, female dogs. It is most common in dogs over 7 years old, although younger dogs (including puppies) can also experience it. Some research suggests that use of reproductive drugs in breeding dogs may increase the risk of pyometra, as well as other health problems (2). This is due to the effects they have on the dog’s hormones and uterus. 

Pyometra can affect any breed of dog. However, the condition may be more common in Bernese Mountain Dogs, Rottweilers, and Collies. Pyometra also appears to be somewhat more common in dogs who have never been pregnant, but this trend does not hold true across all breeds.

Most cases of pyometra occur one to three months after estrus (heat). There are a number of hormonally-influenced factors that contribute to this timing: 

Thickening of the uterine lining. When a dog is in heat, the lining of her uterus thickens in preparation for pregnancy. After repeated estrus cycles without pregnancy, this uterine lining becomes thicker and thicker. This thickened tissue is more susceptible to bacterial infection.

Changes in immunity. Under most circumstances, if a dog begins to develop an internal infection, white blood cells rush to that area to fight the infection. When a dog is in heat, however, this response is inhibited. White blood cells rushing to the uterus could potentially kill sperm and prevent pregnancy. Therefore, the body inhibits this response to improve the likelihood of pregnancy. Unfortunately, this adaptation increases the likelihood of an infection developing during estrus. 

Cervical changes. Normally, the dog’s cervix is tightly closed to block bacteria from entering the uterus. During estrus, however, the cervix opens to allow sperm to enter the uterus. When the cervix is open, bacteria are also more readily able to enter the uterus, leading to uterus infection in dogs. 

Diagnosing Dog Pyometra 

Veterinarians perform a variety of tests to diagnose pyometra in dogs. When a dog presents with signs of illness, a full bloodwork panel is often recommended. This panel includes a complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum biochemistry. A dog with pyometra will typically show an increased number of white blood cells on her CBC, consistent with severe infection. The serum biochemistry panel may show changes in kidney values, liver values, and protein levels, although these changes are not always observed. 

Your veterinarian may perform a cytology (or a microscopic examination) of your dog’s vaginal discharge to confirm the presence of bacteria. This can help determine if the discharge is due to an infection or another cause.

If your veterinarian suspects a pyometra, they will perform radiographs (X-rays) or an ultrasound. These tests allow your veterinarian to visualize your dog’s uterus. Ultrasound is often more reliable than radiographs, but not all veterinary clinics have access to ultrasound. This type of imaging is also typically more expensive than radiographs. 

Canine Pyometra Treatment

Surgery is the best pyometra in dogs treatment, regardless of whether the dog has an open or closed pyometra. Removing the entire uterus, all the way to the level of the cervix, removes the source of infection and will prevent recurrence. 

Dogs typically improve quickly with surgery, although anesthesia is not without risks. Hospitalization is often required to rehydrate the dog and address infection.

In rare circumstances, such as in the case of a young breeding dog, veterinarians may attempt medication therapy. They may give the dog injectable medications to open the cervix and stimulate uterine contractions, with the goal of expelling the pus. 

Dogs will also receive antibiotics to address infection. Medication therapy often takes at least two to four days before you will see any signs of improvement. Therefore, medication therapy is not a good option for dogs who are critically ill. Medication therapy is also a risky treatment associated with an increased risk of uterine rupture and later recurrence of pyometra. For this reason, canine patients receiving medication therapy to treat pyometra need close monitoring and frequent recheck visits. 

Patients who do not receive dog pyometra treatment have a poor prognosis. This condition is often fatal if untreated. 

Pyometra Surgery for Dogs

Surgical treatment of pyometra involves an emergency spay. While a spay is a fairly routine procedure in young puppies, this procedure is more complicated in a dog with pyometra. 

When the uterus is filled with pus, it requires a larger abdominal incision to safely remove the uterus. Depending on how diseased the uterus is, it may be challenging to remove the uterus without tearing the uterine wall. This could cause pus to leak into the abdomen. 

Additionally, dogs receiving pyometra surgery are often critically ill, meaning that anesthesia is more challenging than it would be in a healthy patient.  

After pyometra surgery, dogs may remain in the hospital for several days. This is necessary to provide intravenous (IV) fluids to correct dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities. Additionally, dogs who can’t keep down oral antibiotics may need injectable antibiotics to address bacteria that have leaked out of the uterus. 

General Cost to Treat Pyometra in Dogs

The cost associated with surgical treatment of pyometra is approximately $1,500-$3,000. The exact price will vary depending on regional price variations, your dog’s size (larger dogs require higher doses of medication), and how sick your dog is at the time they see the veterinarian. Critically ill dogs may need longer periods of postoperative hospitalization.

The cost of medication therapy also varies for the same reasons. In general, you can expect to spend $500-$1,500 for the medical management of pyometra. If medication therapy is unsuccessful, the dog will need surgery. 

Medications Used to Treat Pyometra in Dogs

Dogs who have surgery for pyometra typically remain hospitalized for several days on IV fluids and injectable antibiotics and pain medications. When the dog gets discharged from the hospital, pain meds and antibiotics are often continued on an oral basis at home. 

Side effects may vary, depending on which medications your veterinarian uses. The most common side effects of both antibiotics and pain medications are gastrointestinal effects, such as vomiting and diarrhea. You can minimize these effects by giving the medication with food. If your dog begins to vomit or have diarrhea while on medications, contact your veterinarian. 

Dogs treated with medical management typically receive a variety of medications, the most common being:

• Prostaglandin F2α: This is typically used to trigger relaxation of the cervix and contractions of the uterus. The veterinarian may give this medication as an injection or as a vaginal suppository. Common side effects include abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, urination, shortness of breath, and increased heart rate. Less commonly, severe effects such as an anaphylactic reaction may occur. 

There are alternatives to Prostaglandin F2α (such as synthetic prostaglandins) that veterinarians may also use. In addition to treatments designed to expel pus from the uterus, dogs are also treated with antibiotics to address the bacterial infection.

How to Prevent Pyometra in Dogs

Spaying your dog is the only reliable way to prevent pyometra. For this reason, veterinarians routinely recommend that all female dogs get spayed around 6 months of age. 

Spaying your dog also offers other health benefits, in addition to preventing pyometra. Dogs who get spayed before their first estrus cycle have only a 0.5 percent risk of developing mammary cancer, while dogs spayed after their second estrus cycle have a 26 percent chance of developing mammary cancer (3).

References

1. Jitpean, S et al. “Breed variations in the incidence of pyometra and mammary tumours in Swedish dogs.” Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene vol. 47 Suppl 6 (2012): 347-50. doi:10.1111/rda.12103
2. Xavier, Rafael Gariglio Clark et al. “Canine Pyometra: A Short Review of Current Advances.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 13,21 3310. 25 Oct. 2023, doi:10.3390/ani13213310
3. Mammary Tumors. American College of Veterinary Surgeons. Accessed online: https://www.acvs.org/small-animal/mammary-tumors/

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• Sepsis
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